■「 いつ誰が写真を発明した？ 」
COLUMN of the photography 01 : Who began the photo?毎日写真を撮るようになってから半年経ったので、写真の起源を調べてみることにした。調査に使用する媒体はすべてインターネット。正確かどうかはわからないが、自分自身の知識を積み重ねていく事で学ぶことを楽しもう。参照したソースには可能な限りリンクを貼ります。
1825年頃：フランス人の発明家ニセフォール・ニエプスが版画を撮影した作品「un cheval et son conducteur 」が世界で一番古い写真と言われている。ということは彼が居なければ私が写真を撮り始めることはなかった。ニセフォールは、光を平面状の物質の上に映し、物質に化学変化を起こさせ版を作るという、リトグラフに代わる新しい印刷法を作ることを研究していた。最初の頃の実験で箱状の物体に穴を開けてそこから取り込む風景の放つ光の像を紙状の平面に定着させることに成功したが、定着した像はすぐに消え去ってしまった。1816年の義理の姉に宛てた手紙の内容に「紙の上のイメージを定着させる方法を発見したが、光を当てた後すぐにイメージが薄れてしまう」と書いている。そこで腐食防止用に使うアスファルトの一種でパレスチナ原産の「ユダヤの土瀝青」が、光に当てると硬くなって油に溶けなくなる性質を知り、写真に利用しようとした。版画を作り磨いたシロメ板に瀝青を塗ってこの上に紙に描いた絵画（ニスを塗って紙を半透明にしたもの）を置き、太陽に当てると、絵の線の部分はよく光が当たらず瀝青が固まらないままになる。この板をラベンダー油で洗うと、光が当たって硬くなった瀝青は残り、線の下にあって固まらなかった瀝青が洗い流され、結果として板に溝が残る。ここにインクを入れて印刷原版にするというアイデアだった。ニエプスは自分の技術を「太陽で描く」という意味を込めて「エリオグラフィ（héliographie）」と呼んでいた。か・・・かっこいい！！
ニセフォール・ニエプスが世界初といわれる写真を製作したのは1822年、その時の教皇ピウス７世の肖像を写したものとされている。その原版は自分でコピーを作ろうとした時に破壊してしまった。ようするに焼き増しようとして失敗して壊したのだろう。Roland Barthes の " La cámara lúcida " ( Paidós, Barcelona,1989 ) のスペイン語版 " La chambre claire " には「 用意された食卓 」( Table ready ) という霧がかかったような写真（1822年に撮影されたとされる）が掲載されている。原版が残る世界最古の写真は、1825年に彼が撮った、『 Un cheval et son conducteur 』（馬引く男）である。この写真は2002年3月21日にサザビーズというオークションに出品され、44万3000ドルで落札された。同じようにこの方法で瀝青を使うことで、カメラ・オブスクラによる画像も定着させることができるはずと考えさまざまな実験をした。像を長く定着させることにはじめて成功したのは1824年といわれている。
ニセフォール・ニエプスが世界初といわれる写真を製作したのは1822年、その時の教皇ピウス７世の肖像を写したものとされている。その原版は自分でコピーを作ろうとした時に破壊してしまった。ようするに焼き増しようとして失敗して壊したのだろう。Roland Barthes の " La cámara lúcida " ( Paidós, Barcelona,1989 ) のスペイン語版 " La chambre claire " には「 用意された食卓 」( Table ready ) という霧がかかったような写真（1822年に撮影されたとされる）が掲載されている。原版が残る世界最古の写真は、1825年に彼が撮った、『 Un cheval et son conducteur 』（馬引く男）である。この写真は2002年3月21日にサザビーズというオークションに出品され、44万3000ドルで落札された。同じようにこの方法で瀝青を使うことで、カメラ・オブスクラによる画像も定着させることができるはずと考えさまざまな実験をした。像を長く定着させることにはじめて成功したのは1824年といわれている。
＊ 彼が作った画像の中で残っている作品のひとつに、窓の外を写した「ル・グラの窓からの眺め」がある。（1827年6月か7月に撮影：1826年という説もあり）。この写真の撮影方法は露出時間が8時間から20時間もかかり、本当かどうか今日でも議論の対象となってる。あまりにも露出時間が長くて、建物や静物など動かないものの光景しか写すことができず、不便だったと考えられている。
【 english 】
Half a year, take a photo every day. I decided to examine the origin. All media to use research to the Internet. I do not know whether accurate or the other, enjoy to learn by going to stack their own knowledge. As long as you paste the link possible to see the source.
1825: Works that French inventor Nicéphore Niépce have taken prints "un cheval et son conducteur" is said to be the oldest photograph in the world. That was never begin to take my photo unless stay him. He, reflects the image light onto the planar material, of creating plate to cause a chemical change in the material, it was to create a new printing method that replaces the lithograph. The image of the light that gives off the landscape in the early days of the experiment was able to be fixed to the plane, but the established image was wiped immediately. The contents of the letter addressed to the sister of the 1816 law "found a way to fix the image on the paper, but the image is noticeably faded soon after shed light" and wrote. So "Jewish soil bitumen" of Palestinian origin a type of asphalt used for corrosion prevention has become harder when exposed to light and trying to use the composed nature, not soluble in oil. Place the paint the bitumen to the pewter plate was polished to make prints paintings drawn on paper on this (which was in the paper and varnished semi-transparent), when exposed to the sun, part of the picture of the line is well light hit not bitumen will remain that does not harden. Wash the plate with lavender oil, remaining bitumen light becomes hard hit is, bitumen that did not solidified there to below the line has been washed away, as a result of the groove is left on the plate. Was the idea of the printing plate to put the ink here. Niepce had called their own technology in the sense of "draw in the sun" and "Helio graphics (héliographie)". Niepce that was produced a photo which is said to be the world's first 1822 years, has been assumed that a copy of the Pope Pius VII of the portrait of that time. Its precursor was accidentally destroyed when you try to make a copy on your own. In short reprint wonder it broke to fail as so. Of Roland Barthes "La cámara lúcida" (Paidós, Barcelona, 1989) in the Spanish version of "La chambre claire" of the shooting in the photo (1822, such as took fog that "has been prepared table" (Table ready) It is said to have) has been published. The world's oldest photograph original is extant, he in 1825 took, is "Un cheval et son conducteur" (man-catching horse). This photo has been exhibited in the auction that Sotheby's on March 21, 2002, made a successful bid at $ 443,000.
By using bitumen Similarly, it was supposed with the idea various experiments that can image also fixed by camera obscura. The first time was able to fix long the image is said to be 1824 years. One although he remains in the image that was created, 1827 June or July, (there is also a theory that 1826 years) is a copy out of the window, "View from Le Gras window". This method takes less than 20 hours exposure time from 8 hours, has been the subject of debate even true whether today. Too long exposure time, not only able to photograph the scene of things that do not work, such as building or still life, was inconvenient.
【 english 】
Half a year, take a photo every day. I decided to examine the origin. All media to use research to the Internet. I do not know whether accurate or the other, enjoy to learn by going to stack their own knowledge. As long as you paste the link possible to see the source.
1825: Works that French inventor Nicéphore Niépce have taken prints "un cheval et son conducteur" is said to be the oldest photograph in the world. That was never begin to take my photo unless stay him. He, reflects the image light onto the planar material, of creating plate to cause a chemical change in the material, it was to create a new printing method that replaces the lithograph. The image of the light that gives off the landscape in the early days of the experiment was able to be fixed to the plane, but the established image was wiped immediately. The contents of the letter addressed to the sister of the 1816 law "found a way to fix the image on the paper, but the image is noticeably faded soon after shed light" and wrote. So "Jewish soil bitumen" of Palestinian origin a type of asphalt used for corrosion prevention has become harder when exposed to light and trying to use the composed nature, not soluble in oil. Place the paint the bitumen to the pewter plate was polished to make prints paintings drawn on paper on this (which was in the paper and varnished semi-transparent), when exposed to the sun, part of the picture of the line is well light hit not bitumen will remain that does not harden. Wash the plate with lavender oil, remaining bitumen light becomes hard hit is, bitumen that did not solidified there to below the line has been washed away, as a result of the groove is left on the plate. Was the idea of the printing plate to put the ink here. Niepce had called their own technology in the sense of "draw in the sun" and "Helio graphics (héliographie)". Niepce that was produced a photo which is said to be the world's first 1822 years, has been assumed that a copy of the Pope Pius VII of the portrait of that time. Its precursor was accidentally destroyed when you try to make a copy on your own. In short reprint wonder it broke to fail as so. Of Roland Barthes "La cámara lúcida" (Paidós, Barcelona, 1989) in the Spanish version of "La chambre claire" of the shooting in the photo (1822, such as took fog that "has been prepared table" (Table ready) It is said to have) has been published. The world's oldest photograph original is extant, he in 1825 took, is "Un cheval et son conducteur" (man-catching horse). This photo has been exhibited in the auction that Sotheby's on March 21, 2002, made a successful bid at $ 443,000.
By using bitumen Similarly, it was supposed with the idea various experiments that can image also fixed by camera obscura. The first time was able to fix long the image is said to be 1824 years. One although he remains in the image that was created, 1827 June or July, (there is also a theory that 1826 years) is a copy out of the window, "View from Le Gras window". This method takes less than 20 hours exposure time from 8 hours, has been the subject of debate even true whether today. Too long exposure time, not only able to photograph the scene of things that do not work, such as building or still life, was inconvenient.
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